Conversely, management skills can be taught and they can also be learned. That said, management is not necessarily a routine process. Management problems vary considerably and a pre-set  formula  for  effective  management  would  rarely work. However,   management   can   be   effective   without   flair   or charisma;  genuine  leadership,  particularly  at  higher   levels, cannot. De facto, leadership has to be flexible and imaginative with positive and often urgent, effective reaction to the unexpected.

  . In sum, leadership requires extraordinary attributes above and beyond those of management and the simple, efficient organization of the status quo. However, that is not to suggest or infer that management is easy and leadership is necessarily difficult.  The required capabilities,  however, are different and can be summed up by the following list: